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$(document).ready(function() { $('.jqzoom').jqzoom({ zoomType: 'standard', lens:true, preloadImages: false, alwaysOn:false, zoomWidth: 320, zoomHeight: 250 }); }); </script> <div class="product_detail" id="pd1"> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><strong>? <span style="font-size: 24px;color: #333">工業可燃氣體爆炸極限及其計算</span></strong> <p class="smal-hide"><span>發布時間：2020-09-05 13:53</span> <span>點擊：<script src="/plus/count.php?view=yes&aid=2072&mid=1" type='text/javascript' language="javascript"></script></span></p> </h6> <div class="wznr"><div> 爆炸性混合氣體與火源接觸，便有原子或自由基生成而成為連鎖反應的作用中心。熱以及活化中心引起鄰近層爆炸混合氣體起化學反應，這種作用逐層傳播。同時，火焰也逐層向外傳播。如果爆炸性氣體濃度處于爆炸極限范圍內，則反應放出的熱量足以維持化學反應和火焰的持續傳播，*終導致爆炸的發生。研究結果表明，爆炸極限不是一個固定值，它受多種因素影響，工業生產中很難確定可燃、可爆氣體的安全濃度范圍。但如掌握了外界條件變化對爆炸極限的影響規律和計算方法，則根據實際所測的氣體濃度并經計算得到的爆炸極限對工業生產仍有一定的指導意義。</div> <div> 1影響爆炸極限的主要因素</div> <div> 1.1原始溫度</div> <div> 爆炸性氣體混合物的原始溫度越高，則爆炸極限范圍越大，即爆炸下限降低而爆炸上限增高。因為系統溫度升高，其分子內能增加，使更多的氣體分子處于激發態，原來不燃的混合氣體成為可燃、可爆系統，所以溫度升高使爆炸危險性增大。若t℃時的下限為L，25℃時的下限為L25，則其關系式為</div> <div> Lt=[1—0.000721(t一25)]×L25</div> <div> 1.2系統初始壓力</div> <div> 混合氣體的原始壓力對爆炸極限有很大的影響，在增壓的情況下，其爆炸極限的變化也很復雜。壓力增大，爆炸極限擴大。這是因為系統壓力增高，其分子間距更為接近，碰撞幾率增高，因此使燃燒的*初反應和反應的進行更為容易。壓力降低，則爆炸極限范圍縮小。待壓力降至某值時，其下限與上限重合，將此時的*低壓力稱為爆炸的臨界壓力。若壓力降至臨界壓力以下，系統就不爆炸。因此，在密閉容器內進行減壓(負壓)操作對安全生產有利。天然氣--空氣混合的爆炸界限與壓力的依存關系可表示為</div> <div> L=4.9—0.71lnP</div> <div> U=14.1—20.4lnp</div> <div> 式中</div> <div> L為爆炸下限，％(體積分數)；U為爆炸上限，％(體積分數)；P為初始壓力，Pa。</div> <div> 1.3惰性介質及雜質</div> <div> 若混合氣體中所含惰性氣體的百分數增加，可使爆炸極限的范圍縮小，直至不爆炸。如在甲烷的混合氣體中加入惰性氣體(氮、二氧化碳，水然氣、氬、氦、四氯化碳等)，隨著混合氣體中惰性氣體量的增加，對上限的影響較之對下限的影響更為顯著。因為惰性氣體濃度加大，表示氧的濃度相對減少，而在上限中氧的濃度本來已經很小，故惰性氣體濃度稍微增加一點，即產生很大影響，而使爆炸上限劇烈下降。</div> <div> 對于有氣體參與的反應，雜質也有很大的影響，例如，如果沒有水，干燥的氯就沒有氧化的性能，干燥的空氣也完全不能氧化鈉或磷。干燥的氫和氧的混合氣體在較高的溫度下不會產生爆炸。大量的水會急劇加速氯氧化物等物質的分解。少量的硫化氫會大大降低水煤氣和混合氣體的燃點，并因此促使其爆炸。</div> <div> 1.4容器</div> <div> 充裝容器的材質、尺寸等，對物質爆炸極限均有影響。實驗證明，容器管子直徑越小，爆炸極限范圍越小。同一可燃物質，管徑越小，其火焰蔓延速度亦越小。當管徑(或火焰通道)tb到一定程度時，火焰即不能通過。這一間距稱*大滅火間距，亦稱之為臨界直徑。燃燒與爆炸是由自由基產生一系列連鎖反應的結果，只有當新生自由基大于消失的自由基時，燃燒才能繼續。但隨著管道直徑(尺寸)的減小，自由基與管道壁的碰撞幾率相應增大。當尺寸減少到一定程度時，即因自由基(與器壁碰撞)消毀大于自由基產生速度，燃燒反應便不能繼續進行。</div> <div> 容器材料也有很大的影響，例如氫和氟在玻璃器皿中混合，甚至放在液態空氣溫度下于黑暗中也會發生爆炸，而在銀制器皿中，一般溫度下才能發生反應。</div> <div> 1.5點火源能量值</div> <div> 火花的能量、熱表面的面積、火源與混合氣體的接觸時間等，對爆炸極限均有影響。如甲烷對電壓為100V、電流強度為1A的電火花，無論在何種比例下都不爆炸；電流強度為2A時其爆炸極限為5.9％～13.6％；3A時為5.85％～14.8％</div> <div> 除上述因素外，光對爆炸極限也有影響。眾所周知，在黑暗中氫與氯的反應十分緩慢，但在強光照射下則發生連鎖反應導致爆炸。又如甲烷與氯的混合氣體，在黑暗中長時間內不發生反應，但在日光照射下，便會引起激烈的反應，如果兩種氣體的比例適當則會發生爆炸。另外，表面活性物質對某些介質也有影響，如在球形器皿內于5301E時，氫與氧完全不反應，但是向器皿中插入石英、玻璃、銅或鐵棒時，則發生爆炸。</div> <div> 2爆炸極限的理論計算方法</div> <div> 2.1按爆炸性氣體完全燃燒時化學理論濃度計算</div> <div> 爆炸性氣體完全燃燒時化學理論濃度可以用來確定鏈烷烴類的爆炸下限，其計算公式為</div> <div> L下=0.55Co</div> <div> 式中0.55為常數；Co為爆炸性氣體完全燃燒時化學理論濃度。</div> <div> 現以甲烷為例，其燃燒反應為</div> <div> CH4+202--CO2+2H20+Q</div> <div> 如空氣中氧濃度為20.9％，則Co可用下式確定</div> <div> Co=1/(1+n/0.209)*100%=20.9/(n+0.209)</div> <div> 式中n為完全燃燒時所需分子數，這里n=2</div> <div> 則L下=O.55Co=0.55×20.9/(0.209+2)=5.2</div> <div> 因此，甲烷的爆炸下限值確定為5.2％。</div> <div> 此式也可用于估算鏈烷烴類以外的其他有機可燃氣體爆炸極限。</div> </div> <p id="cztz">版權聲明：本網注明來源為“環亞環?！钡奈淖?、圖片內容，版權均屬本站所有，如若轉載，請注明本文出處：http://www.shubhyatraindia.com 。同時本網轉載內容僅為傳播資訊，不代表本網觀點。如涉及作品內容、版權和其它問題，請與本網站聯系，我們將在及時刪除內容。</p> <p><br></p> <span class="czt"> <li id="tjyd"> 推薦閱讀：<a class="czt" href="/style/hyxw/2019/1217/1308.html">RTO蓄熱式焚燒爐治理石油行業廢氣污染效果棒棒的</a> </li> </span> <div class="page" id="qhfy">上一篇：<a href='/style/hyxw/2020/0905/2071.html'>謹防這些容易讓人中招的環保誤區</a> 下一篇：<a href='/style/hyxw/2020/0905/2073.html'>電源開關ON和OFF的距離——10萬！企業因配套廢氣治理設施不運行被罰</a> </div> </div> <div class="czt">您可能喜歡：</div><br> <div class="czc"> <li class="flic"> <a class="czt" href="/style/xdt/2019/1118/1206.html"> <div class="tpcd"><img src="/uploads/allimg/191118/1-19111Q40113c3-lp.jpg" alt="環亞環保給您講述煙臺p" class="tpcs"/></div> <p class="cba">環亞環保給您講述煙臺p</p> </a> </li> <li class="flic"> 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